Integrated Principles of Zoology – Cleveland P. Hickman – 11th Edition

Table of Contents
About the Authors viii
Preface ix

PART ONE INTRODUCTION TO LIVING ANIMALS

CHAPTER 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology 2
Fundamental Properties of Life 3
Zoology as a Part of Biology 10
Principles of Science 10
Theories of Evolution and Heredity 14
Summary 19

CHAPTER 2 The Origin and Chemistry of Life 21
Organic Molecular Structure of Living Systems 22
Chemical Evolution 26
Origin of Living Systems 30
Precambrian Life 32
Summary 34

CHAPTER 3 Cells as Units of Life 36
Cell Concept 37
Organization of Cells 38
Mitosis and Cell Division 50
Summary 54

CHAPTER 4 Cellular Metabolism 56
Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics 57
The Role of Enzymes 58
Chemical Energy Transfer by ATP 60
Cellular Respiration 61
Metabolism of Lipids 68
Metabolism of Proteins 69
Management of Metabolism 70
Summary 71

PART TWO CONTINUITY AND EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL LIFE

CHAPTER 5 Genetics: A Review 74
Mendel?s Investigations 75
Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 75
Mendelian Laws of Inheritance 79
Gene Theory 88
Storage and Transfer of Genetic Information 88
Sources of Phenotypic Variation 97
Molecular Genetics of Cancer 98
Summary 99

CHAPTER 6 Organic Evolution 102
Origins of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory 103
Darwinian Evolutionary Theory: The Evidence 106
Revisions of Darwin?s Theory 120
Microevolution: Genetic Variation and Change Within Species 120
Macroevolution: Major Evolutionary Events 125
Summary 128

CHAPTER 7 The Reproductive Process 131
Nature of the Reproductive Process 132
The Origin and Maturation of Germ Cells 136
Reproductive Patterns 140
Plan of Reproductive Systems 141
Endocrine Events That Orchestrate Reproduction 143
Summary 149

CHAPTER 8 Principles of Development 151
Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis 152
Fertilization 153
Cleavage and Early Development 155
An Overview of Development Following Cleavage 156
Suites of Developmental Characters 158
Mechanisms of Development 163
Gene Expression During Development 164
Vertebrate Development 168
Development of Systems and Organs 170
Summary 174

PART THREE DIVERSITY OF ANIMAL LIFE

CHAPTER 9 Architectural Pattern of an Animal 178
Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity 179
Animal Body Plans 179
Developmental Patterns Determine Body Plans 182
Body Plans Among Major Animal Taxa 183
Components of Metazoan Bodies 183
Complexity and Body Size 187
Summary 189

CHAPTER 10 Classification and Phylogeny of Animals 193
Linnaeus and Classification 194
Species 196
Taxonomic Characters and Phylogenetic Reconstruction 198
Theories of Taxonomy 200
Major Divisions of Life 205
Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom 206
Summary 207

CHAPTER 11 Protozoan Groups 210
How Do We Define Protozoan Groups? 211
Form and Function 215
Major Protozoan Taxa 222
Phylogeny and Adaptive Radiation 236
Summary 237

CHAPTER 12 Mesozoa and Parazoa 239
Origin of Metazoa 240
Phylum Mesozoa 241
Phylum Placozoa 242
Phylum Porifera: Sponges 242
Summary 251

CHAPTER 13 Radiate Animals 253
Phylum Cnidaria 254
Phylum Ctenophora 275
Phylogeny and Adaptive Radiation 278
Summary 280

CHAPTER 14 Acoelomate Bilateral Animals 282
Phylum Platyhelminthes 283
Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela) 297
Phylum Gnathostomulida 300
Phylogeny and Adaptive Radiation 301
Summary 302

CHAPTER 15 Pseudocoelomate Animals 304
Pseudocoelomates 305
Ecdysozoan Phyla 305
Lophotrochozoan Phyla 315
Phylogeny and Adaptive Radiation 321
Summary 322

CHAPTER 16 Molluscs 325
Molluscs 326
Form and Function 327
Classes of Molluscs 330
Phylogeny and Adaptive Radiation 349
Summary 353

CHAPTER 17 Segmented Worms 355
Body Plan 356
Class Polychaeta 357
Class Oligochaeta 362
Class Hirudinea: Leeches 366
Evolutionary Significance of Metamerism 369
Phylogeny and Adaptive Radiation 370
Summary 371

CHAPTER 18 Arthropods 373
Phylum Arthropoda 374
Subphylum Trilobita 376
Subphylum Chelicerata 376
Phylogeny and Adaptive Radiation 382
Summary 384

CHAPTER 19 Aquatic Mandibulates 386
Subphylum Crustacea 387
A Brief Survey of Crustaceans 395
Phylogeny and Adaptive Radiation 403
Summary 405

CHAPTER 20 Terrestrial Mandibulates 407
Class Chilopoda 408
Class Diplopoda 408
Class Pauropoda 409
Class Symphyla 409
Class Insecta 410
Insects and Human Welfare 426
Phylogeny and Adaptive Radiation 433
Summary 435

CHAPTER 21 Smaller Protostome Phyla 438
Lophotrochozoan Phyla 439
Ecdysozoan Phyla 446
Phylogeny 450
Summary 451

CHAPTER 22 Echinoderms and Hemichordates 454
Phylum Echinodermata 455
Phylogeny and Adaptive Radiation 470
Phylum Hemichordata 473
Phylogeny and Adaptive Radiation 477
Summary 477

CHAPTER 23 Chordates 480
The Chordates 481
Five Chordate Hallmarks 482
Ancestry and Evolution 485
Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicata) 486
Subphylum Cephalochordata 488
Subphylum Vertebrata (Craniata) 489
Summary 496

CHAPTER 24 Fishes 498
Ancestry and Relationships of Major Groups of Fishes 499
Living Jawless Fishes 501
Class Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes 505
Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes 509
Structural and Functional Adaptations of Fishes 514
Summary 525

CHAPTER 25 Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians 527
Movement onto Land 528
Early Evolution of Terrestrial Vertebrates 528
Modern Amphibians 532
Summary 545

CHAPTER 26 Amniote Origins and Reptilian Groups 547
Origin and Adaptive Radiation of Reptilian Groups 548
Characteristics of Reptiles That Distinguish Them from Amphibians 551
Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Orders 553
Summary 566

CHAPTER 27 Birds 568
Origin and Relationships 569
Form and Function 573
Migration and Navigation 584
Social Behavior and Reproduction 586
Bird Populations 589
Summary 592

CHAPTER 28 Mammals 595
Origin and Evolution of Mammals 596
Structural and Functional Adaptations of Mammals 601
Humans and Mammals 614
Human Evolution 615
Summary 618

PART FOUR ACTIVITY OF LIFE

CHAPTER 29 Support, Protection, and Movement 626
Integument Among Various Groups of Animals 627
Skeletal Systems 630
Animal Movement 636
Summary 645

CHAPTER 30 Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulatin, Excretion, and Temperature Regulation 648
Water and Osmotic Regulation 649
Invertebrate Excretory Structures 653
Vertebrate Kidney 655
Temperature Regulation 660
Summary 666

CHAPTER 31 Internal Fluids and Respiration 668
Internal Fluid Environment 669
Composition of Blood 670
Circulation 673
Respiration 680
Summary 688

CHAPTER 32 Digestion and Nutrition 690
Feeding Mechanisms 691
Digestion 694
Organization and Regional Function of Alimentary Canals 696
Regulation of Food Intake 702
Nutritional Requirements 703
Summary 706

CHAPTER 33 Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense
Organs 708
Neurons: Functional Units of Nervous Systems 709
Synapses: Junctions Between Nerves 712
Evolution of Nervous Systems 715
Sense Organs 722
Summary 733

CHAPTER 34 Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System 735
Mechanisms of Hormone Action 736
Invertebrate Hormones 738
Vertebrate Endocrine Glands and Hormones 739
Summary 750

CHAPTER 35 Immunity 752
Susceptibility and Resistance 753
Innate Defense Mechanisms 753
Acquired Immune Response in Vertebrates 755
Blood Group Antigens 761
Immunity in Invertebrates 762
Summary 764

CHAPTER 36 Animal Behavior 766
Describing Behavior: Principles of Classical Ethology 768
Control of Behavior 769
Social Behavior 773
Summary 783

PART FIVE ANIMALS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENTS

CHAPTER 37 The Biosphere and Animal Distribution 786
Distribution of Life on Earth 787
Animal Distribution (Zoogeography) 796
Summary 803

CHAPTER 38 Animal Ecology 805
The Hierarchy of Ecology 806
Extinction and Biodiversity 818
Summary 821

Glossary 823
Credits 856
Index 859